January 9 Uprising, a prelude to the Islamic Revolution

This article is intended to make you familiar with one of the fateful developments in overthrowing the despotic Shah regime and victory of the Islamic Revolution under the leadership of Imam Khomeini.

The uprising which took place in Qom one year before the collapse of Shah regime was a reaction to the publication of an article titled “Iran and the Red and Black Colonialism” on daily Ettela'at which had brazenly desecrated Imam Khomeini. The uprising of the people of Qom on January 9, 1978 was very important since it acted as a precursor for the next uprisings of people of different cities across Iran and shook the foundations of the despotic regime of Shah. Many analysts have referred to January 9 uprising as the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. Stay tuned as we are going to shed light on the uprising and its consequences.

The article “Iran and the Red and Black Colonialism” was published on daily Ettela'at at the behest of SAVAK and aimed at destroying the religious and political personality of Imam Khomeini who was the main opponent of the Shah regime though he was in exile in holy Najaf. The sacrilegious article had used very insulting remarks against the beloved and matchless leader of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini. It is believed that the real writer of the article was the minister of information and tourism Dariush Homayoon which was published after SAVAK’s approval. In order to understand the purpose of the regime of publishing this article, we should focus on the politico-social developments of Iran at that time. The Shah, under the pressure of global public opinion since the beginning of 1977, slightly reduced political suffocation and repression in the country. In these circumstances, many opponents of the regime became more active, and mosques and partisan centers became the main venues for political activities of the opponents of the regime. Throughout the year 1977, several incidents contributed to the expansion of the struggle and its deepening. The suspicious death of Dr. Ali Shariati, as an anti-regime intellectual, publication of the statements of Sources of Emulation and ulema, especially Imam Khomeini in opposition to the regime's actions, and most importantly, the suspicious martyrdom of Imam Khomeini's son Ayatollah Seyyed Mostafa Khomeini culminated in nationwide demonstrations against the regime. However, the main of awakening for the people was Imam Khomeini who delivered speeches and issued statements without a scintilla of fear of the Shah and his puppet regime.

The suspicious martyrdom of Imam Khomeini's son, Haj Aqa Mostafa, made Imam Khomeini more popular among people, although he lived in exile. The memorial ceremonies in the Iranian cities, especially Tehran and Qom, for the Imam's martyred son, turned into the circles of praising and further familiarity with Imam Khomeini and the center of blatant opposition to the regime. It is noteworthy that the ceremonies were held not only by theologians but also by other groups which were opposed to the regime. In fact, these congregations were the unifying factor across the country. However, the regime resorted to violent methods and military ways to quell peaceful rallies as the entire nation wanted the ouster of the Shah and collapse of the unpopular kingship through logic and reasoning.

In one of these congregations, for the first time the title “Imam” with a certain sense of the word was applied for the leader of the Islamic Revolution. Hence, the unmatched personality of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Mussavi Khomeini was called Imam Khomeini ever since. It is interesting to note that the term, "Imam" is used mainly for the 12 infallible successors of the Prophet of Islam as they are the sources of guidance and divine authority over people. This title was used for very few personalities throughout the Islamic history. A SAVAK official was later quoted as saying that the reason for writing the sacrilegious article on Ettela'at daily was the horror of the regime from the ever-increasing popularity and influence of Imam Khomeini among people. 

The insulting article was published by a mercenary of the US and Israel, who wrote with the pseudonym Rashidi Motlaq. The blasphemous article was published on the occasion of anniversary of the Day of Hijab Banning by Shah's father Reza Khan. With the distribution of this newspaper in Qom city, the news of insulting Imam Khomeini and Islamic sanctities quickly spread across seminaries and religious groups and then among the whole people of Qom. The next morning, the classrooms were unanimously closed down and about 200 protesters marched to the houses of Grand Ayatollahs. The protests and marches continued till late January 9th, and in the evening of this day, the security forces clashed with the demonstrators resulting in the martyrdom of seven protesters and injury of 15 others.

The news of suppression of the protest rallies in Qom reached holy Najaf and Imam Khomeini, issued a very hot statement harshly warning the regime and challenging its very legitimacy. This event was the beginning of chain demonstrations each of which was held on the occasion of 40thday of the previous one in different cities of Iran. These chain demonstrations were very effective in spreading protests to different cities and public mobilization of people against the regime. Hence, the countdown began for the ultimate collapse of the regime and victory of the Islamic Revolution. 

On the 40th day of martyrdom of the people of Qom, corresponding with February 18, 1978, the brave people of Tabriz held ceremonies to commemorate the innocent blood of the martyrs of Qom. Later on markets and universities were shut down and ceremonies were held in different cities of the country for commemorating martyrs. In Tabriz, after shooting at a teenager and killing him by a police officer, demonstrations turned reacted harshly and consequently thousands of people poured into streets and by chanting slogans against the regime declared their strong support for their beloved Leader, Imam Khomeini. A large number of people were martyred or injured. On March 30, 1978, the 40th day of the martyrs of Tabriz was commemorated in 15 cities and in some cities such as Yazd the police attack led to martyrdom of a number of demonstrators. The 40th ceremony of Yazd martyrs was held in May, 1978 in 24 cities in many of which innocent people were gunned down by the forces of the regime. The protests caused the Shah to call off his visit to Eastern Europe. The common slogans of all these protests were "Death to Shah", "Peace on Khomeini" and "Long live the martyrs of Qom and Tabriz".

The grassroots protests took shape and expanded while no domestic and foreign analysts could speculate that they would lead to the collapse of the regime by the end of the year in view of Carter’s visit to Iran and his decisive support for Shah and announcement of Iran as an island of stability in the turbulent West Asia. Even reports sent by US diplomats to the State Department were not alarming. The American Ambassador to Iran, William H. Sullivan, later wrote in a book: "The demonstrations that were held every forty days were completely religious in the beginning, and political opposition groups, including liberals, socialists and democrats or communists had no role in it. Some of these groups were so under the control and care of SAVAK that their public activity was not possible."

Therefore, due to the religious fabric of the anti-regime protests, many political observers did not consider it a serious risk to the regime, and in general few exposed the Shah regime to a serious danger from inside or abroad. But unlike what the observers analyzed, popular demonstrations spread into 1979 and gradually a unique unity was shaped among ulema, intellectuals, employees and people from every stratum against the regime. Hence, a nationwide revolution took place against the despotic and puppet regime.

With the beginning of the blessed month of Ramadan in midsummer of 1978, a large number of students of seminaries traveled to cities and villages of the country and played an effective role in mobilizing different strata of people and making them familiar with the oppressions of the regime. These endeavours further deepened the love of Imam Khomeini in the hearts of the people as they witnessed how selflessly their Leader has entered the arena of struggle just like his ancestors, the Prophet and his infallible successors.

The Eid Fitr prayers in Tehran turned into the huge gathering against the regime as political slogans were chanted and the name of Imam Khomeini was repeatedly mentioned by people and ulema. With the reopening of schools and universities, a huge masses of students joined the revolution and organized great demonstrations against the regime. In some junctures like November 4, the protests led to the martyrdom of a number of students. The developments of early autumn 1978 to late February 1979 forced the Shah to flee the country on January 16 under the pretext of treatment. These events culminated in the triumph of the Islamic Revolution on February 11, 1979. The Shah left no stone unturned to quench the revolution including enforcement of martial law and appointment of a violent and ruthless figure as general Azhari to the post of premiership. But none of these measures could stop the nationwide revolution and with Imam Khomeini's arrival in the country on February 1, 1979, the despotic regime was put into the dustbin of history and the Islamic Revolution attained victory on February 11, 1979, almost one year after Qom's uprising.

Fmr. UN Weapons Inspector Scott Ritter Warns Against “Politically Motivated Hype” on Iran Nuke Program

Fmr. UN Weapons Inspector Scott Ritter Warns Against “Politically Motivated Hype” on Iran Nuke Program
Former UN weapons inspector Scott Ritter joins us to discuss what he calls “politically motivated hype” over Iran’s nuclear program. The Obama administration has warned of sanctions unless Iran allows inspections of a newly disclosed nuclear site. Iran insists the site has been used for peaceful purposes. The row comes just after Iran’s test-firing of medium- and long-range missiles and before Iranian officials are due to hold talks with the US and five other nations in Geneva.
Guest:
Scott Ritter, former UN weapons inspector in Iraq from 1991-1998. He is author of Iraq Confidential and Target Iran and the forthcoming Dangerous Ground: America’s Failed Arms Control Policy from FDR to Obama. His latest article in the UK Guardian newspaper is Keeping Iran Honest.

SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Iran test-fired two long-range missiles Monday, just days before Iranian officials are due to meet with the five permanent members of the Security Council and Germany to discuss a range of issues, including its nuclear program. Western powers condemned the Iranian test as “provocative” and “deeply destabilizing.” Iranian officials said the missiles were tested as part of an annual military drill and bore, quote, “no connection whatsoever with the nuclear program.”
Monday’s missile tests follow Iran’s disclosure last week of a second uranium enrichment plant.. On Friday morning, President Obama, along with British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and French President Nicolas Sarkozy, accused Iran of building a secret nuclear fuel plant.
PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: Good morning. We are here to announce that yesterday in Vienna, the United States, the United Kingdom and France presented detailed evidence to the IAEA demonstrating that the Islamic Republic of Iran has been building a covert uranium enrichment facility near Qom for several years.

SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: French President Sarkozy warned that Europe and the United States would tighten sanctions against Iran unless it halted its nuclear program.
PRESIDENT NICOLAS SARKOZY: [translated] Everything must be put on the table now. We cannot let the Iranian leaders gain time while the motors are running. If, by December, there is not an in-depth change by the Iranian leaders, sanctions will have to be taken.

SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Iran, however, refuted Western fears and said its nuclear activities are purely peaceful. This is Iranian delegate Mansour Salsabili addressing the UN General Assembly Saturday.
MANSOUR SALSABILI: The delegation of the Islamic Republic of Iran would like to put on record that these allegations, fears and concerns are totally untrue and without any foundations. Iran’s nuclear activities are, and always have been, for peaceful purposes and therefore pose no threat, pose no threat whatsoever. The IAEA reports bear witness to the peaceful nature of Iran’s nuclear activities.

SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Well, my next guest was a former UN weapons inspector in Iraq in the 1990s. Scott Ritter is the author of Iraq Confidential and Target Iran. His forthcoming book is called Dangerous Ground: America’s Failed Arms Control Policy from FDR to Obama. His latest article appears in The Guardian newspaper in London; it’s titled “Keeping Iran Honest,” where he warns against, quote, “politically motivated hype.” Scott Ritter joins us right now from Albany, New York.


Welcome to Democracy Now!, Scott.
SCOTT RITTER: Thank you very much.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Begin by explaining why do you call it “politically motivated hype”?
SCOTT RITTER: Well, I think the answer is quite obvious. Look, on Thursday, this coming Thursday, the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China are going to sit down with Iran, ostensibly to discuss, you know, how to break through this impasse that exists between the Western countries and Iran concerning its nuclear program. But the Obama administration has come to a, you know, preordained conclusion that there’s nothing that can be done about Iran’s nuclear program, that Iran either has to get rid of it all, or there’s nothing to discuss about. That’s not much of a—much of a discussion.
Iran is a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It has a complete inspection regime conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It’s not been found to be in noncompliance. And yet, here we are condemning Iran for doing its job, declaring a facility, inviting inspectors in. And the conclusion it’s reached from this? That they’re producing nuclear weapons. This is politically motivated hype designed to create a situation this coming Thursday that will find the United States unable to reach any sort of agreement with Iran about its nuclear program.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: In his comments, President Obama said, “Iran is breaking the rules that all nations must follow.” You write that he’s technically and legally wrong. Why?
SCOTT RITTER: Well, again, Iran is bound by its agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency. These agreements are between Iran and the IAEA. You cannot compare Iran’s arrangement with the IAEA with any other nation, so it’s an absurd argument to begin with.
Second of all, Iran’s agreements with the IAEA are—you know, the current agreements go back to 2003 period, where Iran, in exchange for Europe and the United States recognizing the legitimacy of Iran’s nuclear aspirations—that means to enrich uranium for peaceful energy uses—Iran would voluntarily agree to what’s called the additional protocol of inspections, as well as what’s known as the Subsidiary Agreement. The Subsidiary Agreement requires Iran to declare any facility at the time that it intends to produce it, create it, to build it, as opposed to the old agreement, which said Iran must declare this facility 180 days prior to the insertion of nuclear material. Iran said, “We will abide by this additional protocol of inspections and the Subsidiary Agreement on a voluntary basis, until which time the Parliament of Iran ratifies these new agreements.” These have never been ratified, so this was a voluntary submission on the part of Iran.
In 2007, Iran withdrew from this voluntary arrangement, citing the noncompliance of its partners—Europe, the United States—in recognizing the legitimacy of Iran’s nuclear program. Iran’s not in violation of anything. Iran is in compliance, and the IAEA has stated this. The IAEA has said that the fact that Iran was in compliance with the old Code 3.1, the Subsidiary Agreement, the old Safeguards Agreements, means that you can’t find them to be in noncompliance with this new set of arrangements.
The key here isn’t the technicality of the legal documents; it’s about the diversion of nuclear material. And the IAEA has a 100 percent accounting for the totality of Iran’s nuclear material. So, even if Iran produces this new facility, which, by the way, is not in operation and won’t be in operation for over a year, no nuclear material has been diverted, there still is a full material balance, and the IAEA is in complete control of the situation. Iran is not in violation.
This is not a reason to panic. This is much ado about nothing. But again, we come back to the original premise: this is about political hype, the United States hyping up a capability in Iran which doesn’t exist, and that is the capability to produce nuclear weapons.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: And the issue of Israel reserving the right to launch a preemptive military strike against nuclear facilities in Iran, how does that play into the upcoming talks and how Iran is reacting right now?
SCOTT RITTER: Well, it’s not just the issue of Israel reserving the right, the issue of the United States reserving the right. Remember, President Obama said that the military option is not off the table. Now, if you’re the Iranians and you make a decision that you strategically require an additional source of energy, such as nuclear energy, to supplement your domestic energy usage so that you free up your oil production and gas production for exportation, so you can earn money, this is a big deal. This isn’t insignificant. And so, you’re building this capability. Israel and the United States say they want to bomb it. What do you do?
Well, the first thing you do is you build redundancy, and that’s what this new Qom facility represents. It’s redundancy. It’s a backup to the Natanz primary facility. Again, it’s been declared, no nuclear material has been diverted. But it’s there as a backup. The second thing you do is you fire off missiles in a warning that you have an inherent right and capability of self-defense.
Israel launched a massive air exercise last year, in which it demonstrated the ability to fly hundreds of aircraft, you know, the distance necessary to strike targets in Iran. The United States is carrying out exercises with Israel as we speak. You know, the bottom line is it’s the United States and Israel which are the more aggressive of the players here. Iran is not an aggressor. Iran has not attacked anybody. Iran is simply trying to do that which it is legally allowed to do: produce enriched uranium for the purposes of nuclear power. It’s Israel, which, by the way, is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, claims it will never be a signatory and has a massive nuclear weapons capability—it’s Israel and the United States which are creating a crisis out of nothing.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: And what would you like to see happen right now, in terms of the talks coming up on Thursday? This is the first direct talks between the US and Iran in more than thirty years. What would you like to see happen? And what ultimately can come out of this?
SCOTT RITTER: Well, I’d like to see diplomacy succeed. The bottom line is, the more the United States and Iran talk with one another, the less likely it is that the two will engage in hostile actions against one another. But you can’t have diplomacy if it’s a one-way street. If the talks open up with the United States providing a whole list of demands that Iran must accede to or else the talks will fail, then the talks are doomed to fail.
The United States—you know, here we have a president who says he wants to get rid of nuclear weapons in the world today, and he recognizes that a key aspect of this is a viable, valid nuclear nonproliferation treaty. But for a treaty to be viable and valid, it must be applicable to all powers. That means that when Iran signs the treaty, Iran must not only abide by the treaty, but also to be able to operate fully within the context of the treaty. And Article IV of this treaty clearly allows Iran to have the right to enrich uranium for the use—for use in nuclear power. The United States, in citing the law, must be willing to abide by the law, not only in terms of its own actions, but also to allow Iran full obligations and rights under the law.


If this isn’t what’s going to happen, then these talks are doomed to fail. I want these talks to succeed. And I’m hopeful that the Obama administration right now is carrying out pre-game posturing but, once it comes time to sit down at the table, will actually let the tools of diplomacy work, which means it has to be a two-way street.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: And Iran fired these two long-range missiles on Monday. Why do you think that it did that just days before these talks? It’s a sensitive situation.
SCOTT RITTER: Well, I think the answer is obvious. Iran is making it clear that it has its own deterrence capability, that at a time when the United States and Israel and France and Great Britain and others are calling the Qom facility evidence of a covert nuclear weapons facility, raising the specter of a nuclear weapons-armed Iran, creating an emergency-type environment where people are talking about the need and requirement for a preemptive strike, Iran is saying, “You do so at your own peril.” The bottom line is, if Iran is struck, Israeli cities will be struck in return with Iranian missiles, not equipped with nuclear weapons, but with conventional weapons. Iran is simply saying, “We are a sovereign state with our own inherent capabilities for self-defense. And if you attack us, you do so at your own risk.” Is this the ideal situation? No. But then again, it’s not Iran that started this game of saying, “We’re going to bomb you.” Iran is simply saying, “If you choose to attack us, we can and will defend ourselves.”
Again, this is an argument or discussion we shouldn’t be having. If the Obama administration was responsible here, they’d de-emphasize this hype, this politically motivated hype, and deal with the reality that there is no nuclear weapons program in Iran, that the newly declared Qom facility is not a threat to international peace and security, and that when Iran and the United States sits down this coming Thursday, that we will—you know, the United States hopes to find a way out of this morass, that we hope to find a way to peacefully coexist with Iran, an Iran that has a nuclear energy program fully monitored by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Unfortunately, that’s not the premise going forward, and then you get both sides behaving in a precipitous and irresponsible manner. The Iranian missile launch is precipitous, it’s irresponsible, but it’s in keeping with the trend that all parties are participating in.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Scott Ritter, I want to thank you very much for being with us. Scott Ritter was a UN weapons inspector in Iraq from 1991 to 1998. He’s the author of several books, Iraq Confidential, Target Iran. His forthcoming book is called Dangerous Ground: America’s Failed Arms Control Policy from FDR to Obama.