Wednesday, February 04, 2026

Yazd, a warm refuge of history in winter

TEHRAN - Yazd, a UNESCO-listed adobe city, is not merely a winter destination but a refuge, where the ingenuity of ancient architecture tames the cold and preserves the warmth of the sun within its earthen walls.

Media activist Maliheh Fakhari wrote in a note: A trip to Yazd in February is not like a typical trip; it is an encounter with the living history, Miras Aria said.

When you walk through [the narrow] Ashti-Konan alleys in historical neighborhoods such as Fahadan, the first thing that fascinates you is the intelligence of the architects who, centuries ago, without any modern tools, defined the concept of climate comfort in the brick texture of the city. This season, Yazd is a showcase of the splendor of its cultural heritage, where the windcatchers, although temporarily resting from the hot summer winds, still line the city's skyline with all their grandeur.

One of the scientific and fascinating themes to look at winter season is the phenomenon of ‘thermal inertia’ in the traditional architecture of Yazd. Eco-friendly materials such as clay and mud, with their high thermal capacity, store the gentle heat of sunny desert days in their hearts and slowly breathe life into interior spaces on cold nights. 

This is the sustainable heritage that the world is looking for today. A tourist who stays in an eco-friendly accommodation in the heart of Yazd's historical fabric this month is not just booking a room, but is also experiencing a 1000-year-old biotechnology.

The Sabats (mudbrick sun shelters) of Yazd also find a different and attractive function in winter. These magnificent structures, known for providing shade in the summer, prevent the Earth’s heat from escaping on cold days and create warm corridors for passersby. Here, the cultural heritage is intertwined with people’s daily lives. The sound of a bicycle passing under a Sabat, or the smell of local Taftoon bread blowing through the humid atmosphere of the alleys, are part of that intangible heritage that comes to life again in month of Bahman (January-February).

On the other hand, Yazd in winter season is a manifestation of the handiwork of women and men who weave the warmth of their love into the fabric of Termeh (fine and precious handmade cloth with traditional patterns) and Darayee (a type of fabric woven by interlacing threads of silk or cotton, which are pre-dyed using a tie-dye technique).

Yazd’s handicrafts flourish as much during the long winter nights. Sitting at the feet of traditional textile looms in cozy workshops of historical weaving is itself a form of experience-based tourism. The combination of these nights with intimate gatherings in houses with central courtyards and turquoise pools also provides an opportunity to redefine culinary tourism. More than a snack, Ash Shooli (a kind of Yazdi soup) and Yazdi coffee are part of the historical identity of this land, warming tourists in the bone-chilling cold of the desert.

The UNESCO-registered Yazd has placed a heavy responsibility on our shoulders to preserve this living texture. Yazd should not lose its identity under the pressure of mass tourism. Tourism development in winter season should move towards responsible tourism; that is, viewing the splendor of its heritage without damaging its fragile body. 

Yazd needs constant rereading so that new generations can learn how to reconcile with nature and build a civilization that has stood firm for thousands of years in the heart of the desert.

Ultimately, Yazd in February is more than a point on the map; it is a feeling. The feeling of security in the embrace of high adobe walls and the feeling of peace in a city where there is no rush. 

Yazd in this season is the best suggestion to return to oneself and watch the splendor that time has not been able to put dust on its face. This year, winter should be spent in Yazd; where history, with hot tea and the smiles of the desert people, will give you the warmest welcome.

What the collapse of the world order means for Asia

 The collapse of the global order will not begin with a war in Asia but with the realization that rules no longer bind the strong and alliances no longer oblige the powerful.  At Davos, European and Canadian leaders did not merely criticize US policy; they questioned the durability of the postwar system itself.

Salman Rafi Sheikh

President Donald Trump’s renewed threats over Greenland made the rupture explicit. Whether carried out or not, the message was unmistakable: the chief architect of the post–Second World War order is now willing to violate its own rules. For Asia, which rose within this system without shaping it, the consequences will be immediate and structural.

The World Order Is Breaking

When Western leaders usually gather in Davos, they use the ritual to reaffirm neoliberal faith in cooperation, markets, and multilateral institutions. This year, the mood and the intent were different. Instead of confidence in the rules-based order, speeches from European and Canadian leaders conveyed unease about its durability. What stood out was not simply concern about the US policy choices but the recognition that the post–Second World War order is collapsing from within. As it stands, the US has also withdrawn from the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Asian states recognise that no single power can guarantee stability, yet none can be ignored

The post-1945 international system rested on a bargain. The US provided security guarantees and promised to uphold open markets, while its allies accepted American leadership and institutional constraints. This arrangement was never altruistic, but it produced predictability. Even when power was uneven, it was mediated through rules, alliances, and shared procedures. Although these rules were made in the West, the fact that even this bargain is now under strain shows the magnitude of the collapse. At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney warned that the global governance system faces a “rupture” rather than a smooth transition, and argued that middle powers must play a more active role in stabilizing international politics. French officials echoed similar concerns, emphasizing the need for European strategic autonomy in response to Washington’s growing unpredictability.

This is precisely because the US has increasingly blurred the line between alliance management and coercion. The episode unsettled European capitals and raised concerns within international financial institutions. The International Monetary Fund, a key institution managing the neo-liberal economic order, has warned that escalating trade disputes and geopolitical tensions could undermine global growth and financial stability.

China, meanwhile, has kept its distance from the Greenland issue itself, but not from its broader implications. Instead, it has chosen to send a familiar message: that Europe should reduce its reliance on US security guarantees and pursue greater strategic autonomy. China’s message is not rhetorical but strategic. It has implications not only for what happens in Europe but also for what might transpire in the Asian region that is watching the unravelling of the ‘old’ global order with a lot of tension.

Asia’s Exposure in a Power-Centric World

In 2024, Asia accounted for nearly 60 per cent of global growth . Even though it had little say in designing the global order, its rising trade share shows that it benefited from it. On the one hand, the US security guarantees—especially in the post-Cold War era—reduced the likelihood of interstate war, while open markets enabled export-led growth across Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, and later China. That framework helped suppress regional rivalries without necessarily resolving them.  As the system weakens, however, Asia is uniquely exposed. Unlike Europe, it lacks dense institutional mechanisms capable of absorbing shocks when great-power commitments falter. The result is not immediate chaos, but rising uncertainty.

In the context of American policy becoming openly—and aggressively—transactional, US allies in the region are reassessing assumptions once taken for granted. Japan and South Korea are expanding defence capabilities. Southeast Asian states are diversifying security partnerships. Australia is deepening regional ties while maintaining its alliance with Washington. These shifts reflect strategic hedging rather than wholesale realignment.

Economic fragmentation compounds the problem. Asia’s integration into global supply chains depended on openness and predictability. That premise is eroding as trade policy and sanctions are increasingly weaponized. For Asia, this does not mean deglobalization but regionalization and aggressive nationalization of trade and economics without strong rule enforcement and/or a willingness to follow the set rules.

While there might be little denying that the breakdown of the US-led order is inevitably a good riddance insofar as it puts Asian economies in a position to rewrite the rules of the game, the problem for Asia lies precisely in its ability to quickly –and decisively—fill the vacuum. What we are witnessing is probably a decisive turn towards multipolarity. China, unlike the US, does not appear to have imperial ambitions to unilaterally rule the world. For Beijing, a multipolar order works best. Asian economies, therefore, must respond accordingly.

Asia’s Response: Managing Disorder

Asia is unlikely to respond to the collapse of the old order with open resistance. Instead, it is adapting quietly. Expectations of the US leadership are already being lowered. Partnerships are being diversified rather than replaced. Flexibility, not alignment, is becoming the dominant strategy. This is structural realism, not ideological drift. Asian states recognise that no single power can guarantee stability, yet none can be ignored. Strategic hedging offers autonomy without provocation.

Still, managed disorder is not cost-free. Without stronger regional institutions, crisis management will rely increasingly on ad hoc diplomacy and bilateral bargaining, raising uncertainty amidst the risk of escalation. Strengthening regional forums, deepening economic cooperation beyond trade, and developing shared norms in technology and climate governance are no longer optional. This, in simple words, means Asia coming together to rewrite the rules of the game, both for its internal and external trade relations.

The post–Second World War order is not collapsing because it is being replaced by a coherent alternative. It is collapsing because its core sponsor is abandoning its own rules. Asia did not design that order, but it thrived within it. Now it must navigate a world where power is more visible, rules are thinner, and stability must be actively managed rather than assumed. What emerges next will not be decided in Davos alone. It will be shaped by how Asian states respond to uncertainty — whether they treat it as an invitation to rivalry, or as an opportunity to build a more resilient, even if less idealized, regional and global order.

Salman Rafi Sheikh, research analyst of International Relations and Pakistan’s foreign and domestic affairs

Lori traditional clothing: an amalgam of Iranian culture, history and identity

TEHRAN – Lori traditional clothing is one of the most vivid expressions of Iran’s indigenous culture. More than a form of dress, it reflects the history, beliefs and lifestyle of the people of the Zagros region who have preserved their Iranian identity for centuries.

With a rich and ancient cultural background, Lor ethnic groups have played a notable role in Iran’s history and civilization. Their clothing traditions offer insight into living conditions, geography and social values. The use of durable fabrics, designs that allow ease of movement, and adaptability to both cold and warm climates highlights the ingenuity of the Lor people in responding to their natural environment. These garments stem from long-standing nomadic and rural traditions, with each element serving a practical purpose.

Beyond functionality, Lori clothing also reflects a distinct aesthetic. Colors, patterns and decorations convey emotion, character and social status. Bright, diverse colors in women’s clothing symbolize vitality and hope, while the simplicity and strength of men’s attire represent endurance, courage and the epic spirit associated with the Lor people.

Lori clothing also varies by occasion, including celebrations, weddings, religious rituals and traditional ceremonies. These variations underscore the close relationship between dress and social customs, with each style conveying cultural meaning.

Modern lifestyles and changing fashion trends have increased the risk of traditional clothing being forgotten. As a result, documenting and promoting Lori attire is an important step in safeguarding Iran’s intangible cultural heritage and understanding the identity and way of life of a people who have retained their authenticity over time.

In an interview with Mehr News Agency, Negar Motlaq, a designer and tailor of local clothing, said the colors and fabrics used in Lori garments are closely tied to age. Elderly women tend to choose simpler designs and darker or muted colors with minimal decoration, while girls and young women favor brighter colors, richer patterns and more embellishments.

Motlaq added that younger women are increasingly drawn to newer designs featuring patterned sleeves and lighter, more varied diaphanous scarves, known as charqads. She explained that hats, vests, charqads, tunics or skirts, forehead coins and decorative scarf pins are key elements of Lori clothing. Married women typically do not wear hats and often place an additional white or floral scarf beneath the charqad.

“Local clothing is not just fabric and stitching,” Motlaq said. “Each garment has a story and a soul shaped by generations of skilled hands.” She noted that intricate embroidery, needlework and color combinations inspired by nature remain valuable references for contemporary design, adding that the handmade authenticity of local clothing is especially precious in an age of mass production.

Farideh Shojaeian, a Lor woman and traditional clothing tailor from the Noorabad Mamasani region in Fars province, highlighted the complexity and high cost of producing these garments, particularly for ceremonies such as weddings.

A complete Lori outfit, she said, includes multiple layers of skirts, shirts, scarves or shawls, vests and decorative elements such as tassels, pins and ashrafi-style coins. The skirts alone may require up to six meters of fabric, while a full outfit can use between 10 and 14 meters, depending on fabric type and thickness, with decorative accessories adding to the cost.

Referring to her nomadic roots, Shojaeian said these garments date back generations and have long been an inseparable part of nomadic life. Despite their weight and expense, she noted that younger generations remain interested in wearing traditional clothing, particularly at ceremonies, and in some areas, such as Noorabad, even in daily life.

Discover world's longest qanat, an ancient masterpiece of water management in Yazd

TEHRAN -- As one of the oldest and longest qanats (ancient underground water networks) in the world, Yazd province's Zarech qanat (aqueduct) is a shining symbol of Iranian ingenuity in adapting to nature and providing water in the dry desert climate.

According to IRNA, Yazd province has long faced a shortage of water resources due to its location in the heart of the central plateau of Iran. However, the ancestors of this land, relying on indigenous knowledge, creativity and a deep understanding of nature, have invented lasting solutions for water management, and  Zarech aqueduct is one of the most prominent examples of the historical initiative that has played a vital role in providing the drinking water, agriculture and the formation of human settlements for centuries.

The aqueduct, with its considerable length and several hundred years of history, is not only a water structure, but also a living cultural heritage that narrates the lifestyle, effort, and intelligence of the desert people. 

The long route of the aqueduct, the numerous wells, the method of directing water, and maintaining the natural slope of the land all reflect the precise engineering and advanced thinking in their time knowledge that was obtained without modern technology and only through traditional experience and calculations.

Today, Zarech aqueduct can be introduced as one of the important historical and scientific tourism attractions of Yazd province, a work that has the capacity to attract domestic and foreign tourists, researchers, and those interested in history, architecture, and the environment. Proper introduction of the aqueduct can play an effective role in developing sustainable tourism, increasing public awareness, and preserving the valuable heritage for future generations.

Zarech aqueduct is not just a water transport route, but is a living document of human wisdom, patience, and creativity in facing the harsh nature of the desert. The extensive and principled introduction of the historical monument to the people and travelers will be an important step in preserving the heritage of our ancestors and strengthening the position of Yazd province as the cradle of Iranian civilization and traditional engineering.

Zarech qanat, with a length of more than 100 kilometers and a number of 2,115 wells, has a history of more than 3,000 years in the country. The aqueduct can be introduced as one of the important historical and scientific tourism attractions of Yazd province, a monument that has the capacity to attract domestic and foreign tourists, researchers and those interested in history, architecture and the environment.

One of the features of the Zarech qanat is its square section, which dates back to the time of the Zoroastrians. Until half a century ago, the water flow of the Zarech aqueduct was more than 150 liters per second, but due to the excessive digging of deep and semi-deep wells in the water area of ??the aqueduct, its water flow has decreased sharply.

The mouth of the aqueduct is located in the city of Zarech and has three separate branches or underground tunnels, the tunnels of which are called Shirin, Shoor and Ibrahim Khavidaki. Of course, the two branches of Shirin and Ibrahim Khavidaki are dried branches of the Zarech aqueduct, and currently only the Shoor branch has a length of 72 kilometers. The water flow of Shoor branch upstream of the Qanat was 60 liters per second, but it is 28 liters per second at the beginning of the aqueduct 

Yazd province is considered a treasure trove of Iranian art, culture and civilization with numerous religious buildings, tombs, mosques, Hosseiniehs (places where Shia Muslims come together to observe religious ceremonies), Zoroastrian shrines, historical houses, water storages, historical gardens, windcatchers and various bazaars.

Yazd has been called the first city of raw brick and the second historical city in the world after Venice, the city of windcatchers, work and thatch, the city of bicycles and the city of sweets. 

Yazd province, along with Fars and Isfahan provinces, is the first destination for foreign tourists as the golden triangle of Iranian tourism, and this has made tourism one of the axes of development of the province.

The center of Zarech county, with a population of 20,000, is located 15 kilometers from Yazd city.

Western Omnipotence: A Myth Built on Betrayal and Subjugation

Why is American-Israeli policy based less on technology than on internal betrayal and unstable regional support?

Mohamed Lamine KABA

Behind the myth of Western military omnipotence lies a structural dependence on betrayal, infiltration, and the forced submission of peripheral countries. Trump and Netanyahu back down in the face of Khamenei; surprised, the entire West is astonished as Europe questions its own vassalage and servility to Washington.

The paradox is when this same Trump claims to love Iranians more than the Iranians do, positioning himself as the savior of protesters in Iran, while at the same time his administration is killing and terrorizing peaceful American protesters in America

Because of its turbulent zones and squabbles, and characterized by the height of escalation logic and mutual perception of threat, the geopolitical turning point of 2025 saw humanity come so close to World War III that a less symmetrical reaction from Russia to the express will of Washington and warmongering Europe would have been enough for nuclear Armageddon to remind us of the famous quote from François Rabelais, “Science without conscience is but the ruin of the soul.” Since the turning point marked by the joint Israeli-American strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities and the spectacular American operation in Venezuela on the night of January 2-3, 2026, the military and diplomatic strategy of Washington and Tel Aviv raises a crucial and recurring question: does the firepower of America and its armed wing in the Middle East truly rest on intrinsic military superiority, or rather on the support of adversarial internal actors, infiltration, and the mobilization of carefully orchestrated mercenary interests? This question arises with particular urgency on the eve of a potential confrontation with Iran this year, because the lack of tangible regional support from neighboring Arab states and the already visible limitations of the technological apparatus of the United States and Israel expose the structural fragility of their approach.

Since the beginning of the year, the simultaneous retreat by Washington and Tel Aviv toward Iran reflects neither deliberate restraint nor tactical prudence: on the contrary, it reveals a profound operational impasse, amplified by the progressive empowerment of regional actors and the exhaustion of a power projection model based more on corruption and the manipulation of adversarial elites than on the actual capacity to impose a direct military balance of power in any place and under any circumstances. Therefore, as mentioned above, a crucial strategic question arises: does American-Israeli firepower remain an autonomous force, or is it merely a conditional mechanism, dependent on the betrayal and docility of others?

Western military-technological power as an artificial construct dependent on the enemy’s internal forces

It is essential to begin by deconstructing the founding premise of American and Israeli military superiority, presented for three decades as the product of an irreversible technological lead. In reality, this supposed superiority was never achieved through direct confrontation with structured, sovereign states possessing genuine strategic depth. On the contrary, it was built on a logic of internal implosion of adversaries, patiently orchestrated through intelligence, financial subversion, the creation of influence networks, and the recruitment of military or security elites willing to sell their loyalty.

The American operation conducted in Venezuela at the very beginning of January 2026 perfectly illustrates this strategic framework. The collapse of the Chavista regime was not the result of conventional operational superiority, but rather of a meticulously planned internal disintegration, made possible by the compromise of crucial segments of the Venezuelan military apparatus. This dynamic is not an anomaly but a recurring pattern in contemporary American interventionism, already observed in Iraq after 2003, in Libya in 2011, and in Afghanistan before the final collapse of the American line and the flight of its troops in 2021. Technology is merely the final tool in a process of internal erosion, never the decisive factor.

As Washington’s military extension in the Middle East, and often presented as the advanced laboratory of technological warfare, Israel is not exempt from this logic. The Mossad’s claimed successes in Iran and elsewhere rely less on absolute informational superiority than on the exploitation of human, ideological, and financial vulnerabilities in a shadow war where the primary weapon remains the buying of minds. This structural dependence reveals a major fragility: as soon as the adversary secures its home front and neutralizes penetration channels, Western power finds itself deprived of its main lever of leverage.

It is precisely at this stage that what can be described as the historical syndrome of the 1979 Islamic Revolution comes into play, a foundational strategic trauma for both Washington and Tel Aviv. This revolution not only overthrew an allied regime, but also produced a political model immune to the classic mechanisms of Western subversion. By replacing elitist loyalty with a patriotic mass ideological mobilization free from Mossad influence, by enshrining national sovereignty as a civilizational and identity-defining value, and by institutionalizing distrust of foreign interference, post-revolutionary Iran neutralized the traditional drivers of internal implosion. Since then, every Western strategy toward Iran has been haunted by this precedent: the fear that the very tool of indirect domination – the corruption of elites and internal fragmentation – will prove ineffective, or even counterproductive. This syndrome explains the chronic preference of Washington and Tel Aviv for shadow warfare, targeted assassination and economic pressure, at the expense of a direct confrontation which they know is structurally risky.

Iran as a strategic bulwark and the end of docile geography

It is precisely this wall that the Islamic Republic of Iran, under the auspices of Ayatollah Khamenei, erected in January 2026, exposing the limitations of the American-Israeli strategy. Unlike the states previously targeted by Washington, Iran is neither a failed state nor an artificial construct dependent on external protectors. It is a civilizational actor with state continuity, a strategic memory, and a deeply entrenched security architecture, making any internal destabilization operation uncertain and costly. The resounding failure of the recent demonstrations, infested with mercenaries, moles, and Mossad agents in the pay of Washington, Tel Aviv, and Reza Pahlavi, illustrates this strategic depth, derailing the American project of constructing a pretext to justify military action, especially since the federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency is terrorizing American protesters right under Trump’s nose in Minneapolis. The paradox is when this same Trump claims to love Iranians more than the Iranians do, positioning himself as the savior of protesters in Iran, while at the same time his administration is killing and terrorizing peaceful American protesters in America.

But the most resounding defeat for Washington and Tel Aviv is not so much Iranian as regional. The explicit and coordinated refusal of neighboring Arab powers to serve as rear bases for an offensive against Tehran constitutes a major geopolitical rupture. This refusal is not circumstantial; it is structural. It reflects the progressive strategic emancipation of regimes long considered logistical extensions of American power projection. By depriving the United States of operational depth, these states have neutralized one of the historical pillars of Western dominance in the Middle East: control of the regional space by delegation, of course.

Trump has no other option but to back down in the face of Khamenei, shamefully realizing that not everyone is like Maduro and that not all countries function like Venezuela

This sequence would be incomplete, however, without considering the decisive stance of China and Russia, whose attitude toward the Iranian crisis effectively marks the emergence of a Moscow-Beijing-Tehran power triangle. Far from being limited to rhetorical support, Beijing and Moscow have adopted a strategy of diplomatic and strategic containment, clearly signaling that any attempt to isolate or neutralize Iran would now be part of a broader systemic confrontation. China, through its economic, energy, and industrial depth, and Russia, through its military, nuclear, and strategic capabilities, have provided Iran with unprecedented geopolitical cover, transforming it into a regional pivot of a developing counter-order. This triangle is neither a formal alliance nor a homogeneous ideological bloc, but a revived, axiological, and teleological convergence of vital interests in the face of belligerent Western unilateralism, making any military adventure against Tehran potentially escalating on a global scale, and therefore calling for nuclear Armageddon.

It is from this convergence that the Moscow-Beijing-Tehran triangle should be theorized as the core of a developing global counter-system, not designed to reproduce Western hegemony in another form, but to neutralize its structuring mechanisms. This counter-system rests neither on a single ideological centrality nor on a rigid hierarchy, but on an assumed strategic complementarity: to Russia, military deterrence and strategic depth; to China, the economic, financial, and industrial architecture; and to Iran, regional geopolitical anchoring and the capacity for asymmetric disruption. Together, they constitute a mechanism for progressive de-hegemonization, capable of fragmenting the West’s capacity to impose norms, sanctions, narratives, and military coercion, while simultaneously opening up an alternative systemic space where sovereignty once again becomes the cardinal variable of the international order.

To this doctrinal analysis is added the explicitly ideological dimension of China. Xi Jinping emphasized that the era of unilateral empires is over and that “nations must cooperate on the basis of equality, mutual respect, and non-interference.” He added: “No country, however powerful, can impose its order on the world; the sovereignty and dignity of peoples must be respected. Those who persist in dominating and dictating the conduct of others will ultimately lose their legitimacy and influence.” This declaration places the Moscow-Beijing-Tehran triangle within a concrete framework of a global counter-system, embodying the end of imperial hegemony and the advent of a multipolar order founded on sovereignty and strategic balance.

This geopolitical realignment has mechanically forced Washington and Tel Aviv to exercise caution, not by political choice, but by practical necessity. Without reliable territorial proxies, without decisive internal support within Iran, and facing an adversary now backed by two systemic powers, the military option has become a high-risk gamble, incompatible with strategic rationality. The famous “Western deterrence” has thus turned against its own architects.

The doctrinal failure of a power that confuses domination with dependence

Without a shadow of a doubt, the doctrinal failure of Washington and Tel Aviv in the face of Iran is not merely a tactical setback; it marks the beginning of a widespread and now openly acknowledged animosity on the international stage. This pivotal moment is a striking reminder of the foundational significance of Vladimir Putin’s speech in Munich in 2007, a veritable denunciation of Western normative arrogance, unthinkable at the time. When the Russian leader directly challenged the West, asking, “Who are you anyway?”, he formulated a critique that has since become universal. “Our Western colleagues, and in particular the United States, not only arbitrarily establish standards to which other countries must conform, but they also teach who must apply them and how to behave. All of this is done in an openly crude manner; it is the manifestation of the same colonial mindset where we constantly hear, You must, you are obliged, we are seriously warning you.” “But who are you? What right do you have to warn anyone?” This discourse, marginalized at the time, finds its historical validation today in the Iranian sequence of January.

What this sequence fundamentally reveals, and what the Western world, from Washington to Brussels and from Berlin to London, would prefer to keep silent about, is the doctrinal obsolescence of American and Israeli strategic thinking. By overestimating the scope of technology and underestimating the centrality of political, social, and civilizational dynamics, Washington and Tel Aviv have built a power incapable of functioning without intermediaries, regional subcontractors, and internal divisions within the adversary. It is therefore not an autonomous power but a dependent system, vulnerable to any regional realignment.

By refusing internal collapse and benefiting from a less compliant regional environment, now reinforced by the Sino-Russian alliance, Iran has laid bare this dependence. The Western war machine, designed for asymmetric conflicts against fragmented states, is proving structurally incapable of confronting a coherent, entrenched, and strategically patient actor. Consequently, the much-vaunted technological superiority appears as nothing more than a conditional multiplier, useless in the absence of human and political leverage.

Therefore, far from heralding a new era of strategic restraint, the American-Israeli retreat in the face of the Islamic Republic of Iran marks the entry into a phase of systemic vulnerability. A power that can only strike with the tacit agreement of its adversary’s neighbors – precisely through the use of their land, air, and sea spaces – and the betrayal of its internal elites is no longer a hegemonic power, but an actor dependent on a regional and now global order that it no longer controls.

It is therefore important to note that the military power of the United States and Israel is neither absolute nor sovereign. It is conditional, fragile, and deeply dependent on external factors over which they have less and less control. In Iran, as elsewhere, the era of victories achieved through corruption on the periphery and internal implosion is sadly reaching its limits. This shift does not mark the definitive end of Western power, but rather its gradual strategic decline in a world where political coherence, civilizational integration, and the structuring of global counter-systems are once again becoming the true foundations of the international order.

In conclusion, Trump has no other option but to back down in the face of Khamenei, shamefully realizing that not everyone is like Maduro and that not all countries function like Venezuela.

Mohamed Lamine KABA, Expert in the geopolitics of governance and regional integration, Institute of Governance, Human and Social Sciences, Pan-African University

Iran emerges as regional hub for ice climbing


Ice climbing is an exhilarating and highly demanding discipline in which mountaineers ascend vertical ice walls using specialized equipment. Success in this sport depends on physical strength, strong mental endurance, and precise technical knowledge. With its high mountains and cold winters, Iran possesses enormous potential for ice climbing, and Iranian athletes have consistently shone on the global stage.

In 2021, Iranian ice climbers demonstrated their high technical level by winning two world gold medals — an achievement that provided a major boost to the country’s mountaineering community. Iran’s natural infrastructure — including the vast glaciers of the Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges — offers an ideal foundation for becoming a regional hub for ice climbing. Damavand, Sabalan, and Alam Kuh mountains are not only iconic peaks, but also host a wide variety of ice routes with different difficulty levels, catering to climbers of all abilities, according to IRNA.

Despite its excitement, ice climbing is inherently risky. Proper training, full awareness of environmental conditions, and the use of standard equipment are therefore vital. This comprehensive report aims to introduce Iran’s best and most technical ice-climbing destinations, while providing essential information to help climbers — from beginners to professionals — plan safe ascents.
The development of ice climbing in Iran has gone hand in hand with global mountaineering trends and the introduction of modern equipment. Initially considered a subset of classical mountaineering, ice climbing gradually evolved into a specialized discipline as technical knowledge expanded. Reputable clubs such as the Tabriz Mountaineering House, along with specialized groups in Tehran and Isfahan, have played a key role in organizing training courses and identifying new ice-climbing potentials across the country.

Damavand glaciers

The glaciers of Mount Damavand — particularly on the southern and northern faces — are among Iran’s largest and most renowned ice-climbing areas. Due to the mountain’s high altitude, ice conditions remain stable throughout most of the winter, offering excellent opportunities for long routes with significant elevation changes. Access is relatively easy; however, Damavand’s alpine nature demands high physical fitness and experience in dealing with sudden weather changes. The area is frequently used by national teams for intensive training and is considered a symbolic destination for professional Iranian ice climbers.

Alam Kuh Wall

Located in the heart of the Takht-e Soleyman Massif, the Alam Kuh Wall is one of Iran’s most technical and pristine areas for classical and alpine ice climbing. In winter, its massive faces form extremely challenging ice routes that require advanced techniques and the ability to manage multi-day ascents. Access requires careful planning and strong technical support, making it suitable only for highly experienced climbers.

Sabalan glaciers
Mount Sabalan’s frozen volcanic features create a unique ice-climbing environment distinct from Damavand. Certain sections offer high-quality ice ideal for vertical climbs. The area is well suited to intermediate and advanced climbers, with relatively good access and the added attraction of winter camping near Sabalan’s volcanic crater lake.

Khur Waterfall
One of the closest and most popular ice-climbing sites for residents of Tehran and Karaj, Khur Waterfall is ideal for day trips and technical training. It regularly freezes during cold winters and offers multiple routes of varying difficulty, making it suitable for beginners and intermediate climbers. Easy access has made it a common venue for introductory training courses, though it can become crowded on holidays.

Ganjnameh Waterfall

Located near the historic tourist site of Ganjnameh in Hamedan, this frozen waterfall combines cultural appeal with sporting excitement. In winter, flowing water turns into tall, well-formed ice columns. Proximity to the city provides better facilities; however, ice stability requires constant monitoring and strict adherence to safety guidelines due to the presence of tourists.

Takht-e Soleyman glaciers
The alpine glaciers surrounding Takht-e Soleyman Massif, Mazandaran Province, offer long, high-altitude routes that combine ice, snow, and rock, making them ideal for major exploratory ascents. Due to their remoteness and harsh environmental conditions, expeditions are usually undertaken by well-equipped teams with a strong technical focus.

Lar waterfalls
Scattered waterfalls around the Lar Plain form quality ice columns during snowy winters. While access is relatively good, winter road closures may require longer approaches on foot. These sites are particularly suitable for practicing basic ice-climbing techniques in a pristine natural environment.

Yakhmorad Cave
Near the Chalous Road, Yakhmorad Cave is one of Iran’s oldest and most famous ice-climbing training areas. Its clear, cold, and relatively stable ice makes it ideal for learning crampon and ice-axe techniques. Due to heavy traffic — especially on weekends — maintaining safe distances between teams is essential.

Lalan glaciers
Located north of Tehran, these glaciers offer attractive ice routes with more technical access compared to Khor. They are well suited for climbers looking to increase training volume ahead of larger expeditions, with routes that challenge team skills in anchor building and protection placement.

Zagros glaciers

High-altitude areas of the Zagros mountain range, particularly Dena and Oshtorankuh, possess significant but less-explored ice-climbing potential. These regions offer unique ice formations shaped by cold winds and provide a quieter alternative for climbers seeking different experiences in southern Iran. Successful ascents require strong knowledge of local conditions and adaptability to varying weather patterns.

How Trump’s Iran Gambit Could Blow Up the Entire Persian Gulf

Washington’s aggressive preparations under Donald Trump’s leadership will not bring victory but are guaranteed to result in a humanitarian and economic catastrophe for every single country in the region. This would turn the Gulf’s vital waters into the epicenter of an uncontrollable fire.

Viktor Mikhin

The Persian Gulf region is once again teetering on the brink of an abyss. Under the pretext of “promoting regional security,” the United States, led by its unpredictable administration, is engaging in blatantly provocative military escalation. The arrival of the USS Abraham Lincoln carrier strike group and large-scale Air Force exercises are not steps toward stability but classic intimidation tactics. In the current climate of extreme tension, such moves risk a catastrophic blowback.

Tehran has made it clear: this time, any attack, even a “surgical” one, will be considered a declaration of full-scale war. The consequences of this decision, born of desperation and confidence after repelling aggression in June 2025, will fall not on Washington but on Iran’s neighbors across the Gulf. The US, acting as an irresponsible arbiter, is ready to set fire to a house where others live.

US military interventions in the Middle East brought only chaos, increased terrorism, and instability (Iraq, Libya, Syria)

Iran as the Cornered Victim: Why Deterrence No Longer Works

The Trump administration seems stuck in the past decade, believing the language of ultimatums and muscle-flexing can still force Tehran to capitulate. Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Esmaeil Baghaei shattered that illusion in his sharp statement on January 26. Iran, he said, is “fully prepared to deliver a large-scale and regrettable response.” A key doctrinal change was articulated by a senior Iranian official to Reuters: “This time, we will consider any attack—limited, surgical, or kinetic—as a full-scale war.”

What does this mean in practice? It means Trump’s calculation of a precise strike with no serious consequences is a dangerous fantasy. Iran will no longer tie its hands by responding proportionally to a local incident. A strike on a nuclear facility? The retaliation will target American bases in Qatar, the UAE, and Bahrain, housing thousands of US troops and costly infrastructure. An attempt to eliminate a senior leader? As Brigadier General Abolfazl Shekarchi stated, it would mean Iran “sets their world on fire and deprives them of any peace”—referring to asymmetric warfare by all means. Thus, the US is creating a situation where any spark, any miscalculation, will inevitably escalate into a high-intensity regional conflict.

Immeasurable Disaster for Gulf States: Economic Collapse and Humanitarian Crisis

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries must clearly understand: in case of war, they will not be bystanders or “quiet beneficiaries” but the front-line and primary victims.

– Blocking the Strait of Hormuz. This is not a threat but an inevitability in a full-scale conflict. Iran has repeatedly demonstrated the capabilities of its navy and coastal defense missile systems. Shutting down this narrow chokepoint, through which about 30% of the world’s seaborne oil trade passes, would send global prices into chaotic turmoil. However, the first budgets to collapse would be those of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the UAE, and Kuwait, whose existence depends on hydrocarbon exports. Global economies would withstand the shock, but the Gulf economies would plunge into a deep crisis.

– Strikes on Critical Infrastructure. Oil refineries and petrochemical complexes in Al-Jubail (Saudi Arabia) or Ras Laffan (Qatar), desalination plants, ports, airports —a ll these facilities are within range of Iranian missiles and drones. The result would be not only economic disaster but a humanitarian one: lack of fresh water, halted logistics, collapsed life-support systems in cities.

– Escalation Across All Fronts. The war would not be limited to exchanges between the US and Iran. It would immediately fuel conflicts in Yemen (where the Houthis would strike Saudi Arabia and the UAE with renewed force), Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon. The US, with an ocean ensuring its security, can wage a “projection war.” The Gulf states have nowhere to retreat—the fire will rage at their doorstep and then spread inside.

Trump’s Irresponsibility and “Big Lie” Tactics

Donald Trump, whose foreign policy has always balanced between populism and rash aggression, is displaying glaring irresponsibility in this situation. His administration, instead of seeking diplomatic solutions, is deliberately ratcheting up tension, believing in its own impunity. However, as Baghaei rightly noted, “instability in the region is contagious,” and “any miscalculation by Washington will inevitably lead to the destabilization of the entire Middle East.”

The information warfare tactics employed deserve particular condemnation. As the Iranian Foreign Ministry pointed out, “the Zionist regime is the main source of fake news.” This refers to a targeted campaign of lies and disinformation, compared by Tehran to hysterical propaganda. False reports about secret diplomatic guarantees or mass executions in Tehran aim to create an image of Iran as an irrational and bloody regime in the eyes of the American public and the international community, justifying a “preemptive” strike. Trump, known for his fondness for loud but unverified statements, becomes the perfect conduit for this “big lie,” drowning out voices of reason.

The new strategy described by Ali Larijani, Secretary of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council, appears even more cynical. He stated explicitly that the US has moved to provoking social crises within Iran to create a pretext for military intervention under the guise of “protecting human rights.” Funding and supporting “semi-terrorist urban groups” and attacks on national symbols — all are part of a hybrid war aimed at destroying internal solidarity.

What does this mean for the Gulf monarchies? It is a direct warning. If the US uses such methods against Iran today, tomorrow they could be applied to pressure any country in the region whose policy ceases to suit Washington. Supporting the American gamble today is buying a ticket into tomorrow’s turbulence, where internal stability becomes a bargaining chip in a grand geopolitical game.

Diplomacy: The Only Path to Saving the Region

Against this grim backdrop, the position of the United Arab Emirates provided a hopeful signal. They clearly stated that their territory, airspace, and waters would not be used for hostile actions against Iran. This step reflects a growing, though not always openly expressed, understanding in GCC capitals: the path to their own security lies not through war with Iran but through complex yet essential dialogue and mutual respect for sovereignty.

On this matter, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov issued a sharp warning, stating that any military strike on the Islamic Republic would lead to “serious destabilization” in the Middle East. Addressing journalists, Peskov called the prospect of an attack “another step towards serious destabilization of the situation in the region,” emphasizing that Moscow expects all international parties to show restraint and resolve differences exclusively through “peaceful negotiations.”

History has repeatedly shown that US military interventions in the Middle East brought only chaos, increased terrorism, and instability (Iraq, Libya, Syria). A new Trump adventure, if realized, would surpass all previous ones in its destructive consequences. It would not “bring order” but would blow up an already fragile region, burying the economic prosperity of the Persian Gulf states under the rubble and setting back their development for decades. Responsibility will lie not only with the reckless US leadership but also with those regional players who, blinded by short-term enmity, failed to prevent the catastrophe. There is still time for sober calculation and urgent diplomacy, but the clock is ticking down by the day.

Viktor Mikhin, writer, Middle East expert