Kerman: A museum illustrating various periods of Iran history

TEHRAN, (MNA) – Being home to seven UNESCO World Heritage sites, eye-catching gardens, and ancient monuments, Kerman city can be considered a perfect museum illustrating various periods in Iranian history.

Located in the southeast of Iran, Kerman province is bounded by the provinces of Fars on the west, Yazd on the north, South Khorasan on the northeast, Sistan and Baluchestan on the east, and Hormozgan on the south. It includes the southern part of the central Iranian desert, the Lut Desert.

Kerman Province, with an area exceeding 180,000 square kilometers, is one of Iran's vastest provinces. It enjoys a variety of climates, including warm, semi-dry, extremely dry, moderate, and cold. 

Here in Kerman, the inhabitants fight the glowering face of desert difficulties with patient smiles. Each monument in Kerman indicates some historical dimensions of the people's life. This makes Kerman a standing museum of various periods in Iranian history.

Many different kinds of stone and pottery works that belong to the 5th millennium BC have been dug up from the hills and plains of this land, which indicate the antiquity of its civilization.

Kerman is home to myriad historical sites, gardens, and scenic landscapes such as Bazaar-e Sartasari, Vakil Bath, Fath Abad Garden, Shahzadeh Garden, Kaluts of Lut Desert, Bam citadel and, etc.

Tourist attractions of Kerman

Bazar-e Sartasari

Kerman’s magnificent 'Sartasari' ('end-to-end') Bazaar is one of the oldest and most memorable trading centers in Iran (after the UNESCO-listed Bazaar in Tabriz).

Within are several museums, bathhouses and religious structures, while the vivacity of the whole experience is enough in itself to keep visitors interested for at least an hour or two, especially in the morning and late afternoon.

Vakil Bath House

Bathhouses have had great importance during ancient times, and because of this, many of them were built in downtown and central places.

Vakil Bath in Kerman is located in the middle of Vakil Bazaar, which was built 170 years ago, during the Qajar period, modeled on Ganjali Khan bath.

It is believed that this bath was constructed upon the order of the Kerman ruler during that time, according to an inscription inside the Vakil Bath in Kerman.

Artistic architects of Kerman used fantastic tile and ceramic works to decorate this place and also amaze the next generations.

This historic bath is now a traditional teahouse and is open to tourists.

Shahzadeh Garden 

Shazdeh Garden (Prince Garden) is a green oasis lying in the heart of the desert. Located near Mahan in the province of Kerman, Shazdeh Garden is one of the historical Persian gardens with a rectangular plan.

The first attempt of constructing the Shazdeh Garden dates back to the thirteenth century at the end years of the Qajar dynasty by the order of the ruler of Kerman and Sistan.

Similar to other great Persian gardens such as Eram Garden or Dowlatabad Garden, it is also inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

What is very amazing about Shazdeh Garden is that it is located in the desert, where nothing exists but dry plains. However, the entrance of the garden welcomes tourists to the earthly paradise.

Putting a step inside Shazdeh Garden, one can see the pools streaming along with the garden, the trees offering shade to the pathway, and the flowers spreading perfume everywhere.

Later, the façade of an old pavilion appears from behind the fountains, and the stairs lead the visitors toward the pavilion.

The perfect plan of Shazdeh Garden, the architecture of the pavilion, and its interior design and decorations all reflect the Iranians' art, culture, and lifestyle.

Fath Abad Garden

Surrounded by pistachio gardens, Fath Abad Garden in Kerman is best visited around sunset to appreciate its changing colors and the beautifully done night illuminations that will take your breath away.

Fath Abad Garden, also known as Biglarbeigi Garden, is one of the vast and beautiful gardens in the desert lands of Iran, that is located in the Ekhtiarabad district of Kerman.

It is a reminiscence from the Qajar dynasty and is said to be a model for the Shahzadeh Garden of Mahan. Today, Fath Abad Garden is overshadowed by the fame of this garden. The construction of Fath Abad Garden began in 1803 by the order of Fazlali Khan Biglarbeigi, the ruler of Kerman in Ekhtiarabad village, during the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar. 

The Garden has been built on a land as big as thirteen hectares.

It was only after the Iranian Revolution that it was registered as a national heritage of Iran in 2002.

Lut Desert 

Located in the southeast of Iran, the Lut Desert is a vast area that includes parts of the three vast provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan, and Kerman. 

About 70% of this vast desert is located in Kerman province, and the remaining 30% is located in the provinces of South Khorasan and Sistan and Baluchestan.

“Lut” in Baluchi language, which is one of the languages ​​of northwestern Iran, means naked, waterless, thirsty, and empty of everything.

The main part of this great dessert is made up of sand and gravel, and other parts of it have desert geography.

The night sky of the desert is the paradise of astronomers, and the pristine nature of Lut compared to other deserts of Iran invites photographers, astronomers, and researchers. Due to the remoteness of this desert from the big cities and the light created by these cities, beautiful images of the night sky can be recorded inside the Lut Desert.

Bam citadel

The UNESCO-tagged Bam and its Cultural Landscape is located on the southern edge of the Iranian high plateau, in Kerman province, close to the Pakistan border. It’s highly regarded as an outstanding example of an ancient fortified settlement.

Bam lies 1,060 metres above sea level in the centre of the valley, dominated to the north by the Kafut Mountains and to the south by the Jebal-e Barez Mountains. 

According to UNESCO, the origins of the Bam citadel can be traced back to the Achaemenid period (6th to 4th centuries BC) and even beyond.

Archaeologists have discovered the oldest signs of civilization in the Birdon hills, 15 kilometers from the city. In the northeast of Bam, on the top of the cliff, there was a solid fortress called by the people as the citadel.

In fact, this grand building was the ancient city of Bam. Around the castle, there were deep ditches that protected the city from the enemies’ attacks.

On December 26, 2003, the citadel was almost completely ruined by an earthquake. After the earthquake, the government of Iran announced the reconstruction of the citadel.

Iran to participate in FITUR, EMITT 2026

TEHRAN--Iran is to participate in FITUR (the International Tourism Trade Fair) in Spain and EMITT 2026 in Turkey during current year.

In line with Iran's worthy and magnificent presence in prestigious international tourism events, the Touring & Automobile Club of the Islamic Republic of Iran  (TACI) is holding a specialized training workshop for Iranian exhibitors.

According to ISNA, this training workshop will be held at Tehran’s Parsian Azadi Hotel on  January 11, focusing on familiarizing with the professional requirements for attending the international exhibitions, effective methods of introducing the country's tourism capacities, interacting with the target markets, and exchanging views and collaborating with organizers and participants. 

Given the responsibility assigned to TACI by Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts in the executive management of the Iranian pavilion at the international tourism exhibitions of Fitur and EMITT, this workshop is planned with the aim of exchanging the experiences, improving the level of specialized knowledge and increasing the productivity of Iranian participants and exhibitors at these events.

This workshop provides an opportunity for cooperation between tourism activists, exhibitors and exhibition operators so that they can attend one of the most important global events in the tourism industry with greater preparation and a targeted approach.

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Oil; Reason for the US aggression against Venezuela

By: Mohsen Pakaein

TEHRAN, (MNA) – The US is trying to maintain its power through bullying, hegemony, and warmongering, and to revive the idea of ​​America being a superpower, which is on the path to decline.

By condemning the US invasion of Venezuela and the kidnapping of the country’s legitimate president, we believe this action as an attempt to preserve and restore America’s declining power and emphasized that Washington’s behavior is clearly contrary to the principles of international law, democracy, and Western human rights claims.

The US invasion of Venezuela and the kidnapping of “Nicolas Maduro,” the country’s legitimate president, and his wife, and the claim to put him on trial, shows that America is trying to maintain its power through bullying, hegemony, and warmongering, and to revive the idea of ​​America being a superpower, which is on the path to decline.

Venezuela has neither nuclear energy nor missile power, nor does it exert influence in its region or beyond its region. It is a country that has not taken any action against the United States, and has not even been so active regarding drug trafficking, which is the basis for the Americans' claim to attack this country, and the United States would want to attack this country and make political changes in this country. Their only sin is that they have rich oil resources and are located in close proximity to the United States, and this is an excuse for the United States, which has a history of stealing oil in West Asia, to now take action against the legitimate government of Venezuela.

This US action is completely contrary to international rules and regulations and the accepted principles of the West, including democracy and the protection of human rights and the territorial integrity of countries, and should be condemned by all countries and international circles. Even within the United States, some officials and people of this country protested Trump's action regarding the attack on Venezuela.

The people of every country are disgusted by the colonization and occupation of their country in this way, and I do not think that the situation in Venezuela will be in America’s favor in the future. We must wait and see in what direction events will take in the future.

About concerns that what happened to Venezuela will be repeated in Iran, we have to say Iran is different from Venezuela; first, the will of the leadership, the government, and the people to defend the system wholeheartedly and coherently against the enemy is common, and the people unite against foreigners and their attacks, and they put aside domestic issues and stand against the enemy, and we had this experience in the 12-day war. After Trump's recent baseless statements about Iran's domestic issues, which were an example of interference in Iran's internal affairs, we saw that Iranians at home and abroad took a stand against Trump. Iran has a high defense capability, and Iran's geopolitical position in the Persian Gulf and its access to US military bases indicate that if the US makes a mistake and wants to take action against Iran, it will face a regrettable response from Iran.

 I also believe that in the field of diplomacy, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs should pursue its consultations in supporting the Venezuelan people and deterring a possible attack on Iran.

United States seeking to “Libyanize” Iran

TEHRAN, (MNA) – An expert in international relations says that the US is pursuing the strategy of “Libyanizing Iran,” which would enable Israel to form a kind of “global consensus” for attacking Iran.

Following sustained economic pressure, Iran’s domestic situation has now reached a sensitive point at which livelihood-based protests risk being transformed into engineered unrest. Existing analyses indicate that behind these efforts to create instability stand two main international actors: the United States and Israel. Their objective is to exploit the people’s genuine grievances as leverage and to prepare the ground for larger security-oriented scenarios.

A notable point is Donald Trump’s support for individuals who attempt to create unrest in the country, along with his statements directly threatening the Iranian government. This comes despite Trump portraying himself as a defender of the Iranian people, while at the same time having played a role in supporting Israel during the 12-day war, which resulted in the deaths of more than 1,000 Iranian citizens.

The following is an interview with Mohammad Bayat, an expert in international relations, to examine the role of foreign actors in Iran’s development:

Based on what findings, can it be concluded that American and Israeli elements are steering Iran’s economic protests in line with their own interests? What goals are Israel and the United States pursuing through these actions?

After the failure to achieve the three primary objectives of Israel and the United States during the 12-day war—namely the “complete destruction of Iran’s nuclear program,” the “serious weakening of its missile program,” and “changing Iran’s political structure”—the rapid reconstruction of Iran’s nuclear and missile programs over the past seven months has placed Netanyahu and the “neoconservatives” dominating the White House in a situation where the “window of opportunity” in the Iran dossier is rapidly closing.

According to reports published by mainstream media outlets such as The Wall Street Journal, the main objective of “Bibi’s” trip to Florida was not necessarily the geopolitical situation in Gaza or the future of Lebanon’s disarmament. Rather, the leader of the Likud Party sought to obtain a “green light” for renewed attacks on Iran’s sources of power. This was clearly observable during Trump’s official reception of Netanyahu and their joint press conference.

Accordingly, Washington and Tel Aviv—having drawn lessons from their previous war with Iran—now intend to exploit the activation of Iran’s economic, ethnic, and gender fault lines. By creating an atmosphere of “civil war,” they aim to pave the way for renewed aggression against Iranian territory, this time presenting themselves as the “heroes” and “saviors of the Iranian people.”

This approach is being pursued under the strategy of “Libyanizing Iran,” which would enable Israel to form a kind of “global consensus” for attacking nuclear facilities, IRGC bases, and popular mobilization forces. This objective is openly reflected in the recent tweet by the former U.S. Secretary of State, who not only congratulated the Iranian people on the New Year but also extended his greetings to Mossad agents allegedly present on the streets.

Why are Western media outlets attempting to portray protests by various segments of Iranian society over economic demands as a process leading to the collapse of the system? How do you assess the motives behind this media behavior?

Over the past week, a kind of “narrative war” has been underway regarding the current developments in Iran. A group of experts, adopting a realistic and precise perspective, point to the depreciation of Iran’s national currency against foreign currencies—especially the dollar—and the resulting 50 percent inflation rate on the eve of the year 2026, which has triggered “economic protests” in markets, universities, and other Iranian cities. On the other hand, think tanks, media outlets, and Iran’s expatriate opposition are attempting to portray these protests as a “national uprising” against the entirety of the Islamic Republic system. In this “fabricated narrative,” the Iranian people are depicted as demanding the overthrow of the ruling political system and the return of the eldest son of Iran’s exiled shah, Reza Pahlavi.

These claims are made despite the fact that both the number of participants and the geographical scope of the protests are far more limited than the protests that took place in Iran in 2019 and 2022. Such narrative construction indicates that Israel and the United States are seeking to use the recent protests as a pretext for a larger action—namely, a second round of military aggression against Iran.

What was the objective behind Trump’s interventionist message regarding Iran’s protests and his threat of attack? Is this action primarily psychological in nature? From an international law perspective, does this not constitute interference in the internal affairs of an independent country?

While the Iranian government and representatives of the protesters are engaged in negotiations to reach a genuine solution for managing the country’s economic crisis, Donald Trump suddenly wrote on the social media platform *Truth Social* about violent confrontations with protesters in Iran and promised that the United States was ready to support them.

These interventionist remarks were made despite the fact that the “MAGA” movement in the United States has been the main critic of Washington’s interventionist foreign policy and has called for an end to this failed approach within the U.S. foreign policy establishment. Nevertheless, Trump has openly violated Article 2 of the United Nations Charter by interfering in Iran’s internal affairs.

Such an action, occurring seven months before the U.S. midterm elections, sends a message to the Republican Party’s voter base that Trump–Vance were not true representatives of their will in the White House and that they once again handed control of U.S. Middle East policy to the Israeli lobby.

12th Tehran International Cartoon Biennial to open in Iranian Academy of Arts

TEHRAN- The 12th edition of the Tehran International Cartoon Biennial will be inaugurated on Thursday evening at the Iranian Academy of Arts.

The opening ceremony will be held with the presence of a number of Iranian cultural officials, as well as the event’s Brazilian judge Quinho Ravelli, and other members of the organizing and policy-making councils, along with veteran cartoonists, caricaturists, artists, and art enthusiasts.

The twelfth biennial will be simultaneously launched in the cities of Mashhad, Rasht, and Tabriz.

This year’s event features 646 works from 70 countries across various categories. 

The exhibition of the selected works of the biennial will be running until January 25. 

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Can Donald Trump defeat Iran?

A social review

TEHRAN, (MNA) – As Donald Trump once again resorts to threats, pressure, and performative declarations of support for the Iranian people, a familiar question resurfaces in global discourse: Can Iran be defeated?

In current global rhetoric, heightened tensions between the United States and Iran have prompted questions about whether the United States — including under the leadership of President Donald J. Trump — could “defeat” Iran. A sober examination of history, national identity, internal cohesion, and strategic defense capacity demonstrates that such an outcome is not feasible. Iran’s distinct sense of nationhood, deep historical memory, and robust deterrent capabilities form a durable foundation that makes external subjugation or collapse highly unlikely.

National Identity and Historical Resilience

A Long Tradition of National Cohesion

Iran is among the world’s oldest continuous civilizations with more than 2,500 years of unified political and cultural identity. From the Achaemenids to the Sassanids, from the Islamic Golden Age to the modern era, Iranians have maintained a shared sense of homeland that transcends ethnic and linguistic differences. This historical continuity fosters strong societal cohesion and resistance to external domination.

Even in the context of modern political challenges, Iranians of diverse backgrounds — whether urban or rural, religious or nonreligious— articulate a shared commitment to national independence and dignity. This unity is exemplified in collective responses to foreign pressure or conflict.

Historical Examples of Resistance

1953 U.S./U.K.-Supported Coup

In August 1953, the democratically-elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh was overthrown in a coup orchestrated by the United States (CIA) and the United Kingdom (MI6), aiming to reverse nationalization of Iran’s oil industry. This event is a powerful historical memory that shaped Iran’s modern national consciousness and resistance to external political coercion. 

The coup reinforced Iranian skepticism of foreign influence and cemented the idea that Iran must chart its own path — a belief that has persisted through successive generations.

Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)

When Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, with at least tacit U.S. and Western support for Iraq’s war effort, Iranians mobilized universally to defend their territory and state. Despite immense costs, Iran preserved its territorial integrity and social fabric through eight years of brutal conflict. This war, known inside Iran as the Sacred Defense, became a foundational myth of national resilience, binding the population together across social and ideological lines. 

1979 Seizure of US Embassy

In late 1979, Iranian students seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and held American diplomats captive for 444 days, reflecting deep opposition to perceived external interference after the Islamic Revolution. The crisis ended only after protracted negotiations and demonstrated that Iran would not easily acquiesce to foreign pressure. 

Internal Solidarity: Unity Beyond Disagreement

Shared Commitment to Homeland

Iran’s internal diversity does not translate to national fragmentation in the face of external pressure. Iranians — whether ethnic Persians, Azaris, Kurds, Arabs, Baluch, or others — share a powerful collective attachment to homeland and national survival that outweighs internal disputes. Even when there are grievances related to domestic issues and economic conditions, a common commitment to national sovereignty is a unifying force.

Historical Memory as a Social Glue

Iranians possess a strong historical memory that is passed across generations through family narratives, education, literature, public commemoration, and cultural heritage. This collective memory of resisting foreign interventions — whether in the early 20th century or late 20th century — plays a vital role in sustaining social unity.

Even when economic hardships and social challenges cause protests or criticism of domestic policies, there is no parallel movement that fundamentally rejects the country’s independence or national continuity.

When Threats Meet a Culture of Defiance

In recent days, as Donald Trump has once again escalated his rhetoric against Iran, a noticeable wave has emerged across Iranian social media users. Users have circulated a pointed phrase that captures a deeply ingrained cultural mindset: “Trump is trying to frighten people who pray for martyrdom in their prayers.” The expression, rooted in religious and historical symbolism, conveys more than bravado. It reflects a society shaped by decades of war, sanctions, and external pressure — a society for whom sacrifice and endurance are not abstract concepts, but lived experience. The phrase does not glorify conflict; rather, it underscores a psychological reality often overlooked in Western political calculations.

In Iranian society, martyrdom in defense of the homeland is widely regarded as an honor rather than a loss. Those who die defending the country are publicly revered, and national custom often sees fallen soldiers and defenders laid to rest wrapped in the Iranian flag — a powerful symbol of unity between personal sacrifice and national identity. This mindset, shaped by the collective memory of the Iran–Iraq War and decades of external pressure, renders intimidation strategies largely ineffective. Threats aimed at instilling fear lose their potency when directed at a society whose historical narrative esteems courage, resilience, and devotion to the nation above personal safety.

No Longer Deceived: Iran’s Youth See Through U.S. and Israeli Deceptions

After the 12-day war and decades of foreign aggression, it has become clear that neither the United States nor Israel can deceive Iran’s children — let alone the broader population. Exposure to historical crimes, propaganda, and repeated attempts at manipulation has cultivated a generation of young Iranians who are critically aware, socially conscious, and deeply connected to their nation’s identity and sovereignty. Their understanding of past invasions, sanctions, and covert operations renders them immune to external trickery, ensuring that decades of foreign misconduct have strengthened, rather than weakened, Iran’s social cohesion and national resolve.

Satire Over Sympathy: How Iranians Turn Trump’s Rhetoric into Memes

Beyond strategic calculations and military posturing, there is also a clear social dimension to how Iranians respond to Donald Trump’s repeated claims of “supporting the Iranian people.” For many Iranians, such statements do not provoke anger or fear, but rather irony and humor — a deeply ingrained cultural response to external pressure.

Instead of rage-filled reactions, social media platforms have been flooded with satirical banners, slogans, and memes that openly ridicule the Trump’s performative and self-serving “sympathy.”

One widely shared banner from Mashhad during a rally reads: “A Mashhadi’s response to Trump: ‘Vakhe, yara!’” — a colloquial, tongue-in-cheek phrase best rendered as: “Alright then, move along, brother — don’t waste our time with empty talk.”

The humor lies not in vulgarity, but in dismissal. Many of these memes frame Trump’s rhetoric as an outward concern that is perceived as insincere, intrusive, and ultimately harmful. This collective use of satire reflects a society so accustomed to foreign pressure that it responds not with panic, but with wit. It also underscores a reality often overlooked by outside observers: Iranian society does not experience such rhetoric as empowering or intimidating, but as unserious, repetitive, and unworthy of anything more than a sarcastic smile.

Standing Together

Should hostilities erupt again, the experience of the recent 12-day conflict demonstrates that Iranians will stand steadfastly alongside their armed forces in defense of the nation. This unity transcends differences, reflecting a deeply rooted cultural and historical ethos: the protection of the homeland is a shared responsibility.

During the 12-day confrontation, ordinary citizens actively supported military personnel through moral encouragement, and community coordination, highlighting a society in which civilian resilience and organized defense work hand in hand. This enduring bond between the people and the military ensures that any attempt to destabilize or intimidate the country is met not with disarray, but with coordinated resistance and national solidarity, making external aggression both costly and unlikely to succeed.

Conclusion: Why Iran Cannot Be “Defeated”

Apart from country's strong military capabilities that were developed under the toughest sanctions, Iran’s national character, historical experience, and strategic deterrence capabilities make the notion of foreign defeat implausible under current geopolitical realities. The collective identity of the Iranian people, rooted in historical resilience and unity in the face of adversity, ensures that external pressure or confrontation cannot easily erode national coherence.

While no society is monolithic and internal debates over domestic issues persist, these disagreements do not translate into a rejection of the nation itself. On matters of sovereignty and defense, Iranian unity remains robust — making any external attempt to “defeat” Iran both strategically unwise and historically unlikely.

Reported by Mohaddeseh Pakravan

Connect Forum Specialized Meeting to be held

TEHRAN – The Organization for the Development of International Cooperation in Science and Technology will hold the ninth edition of the Connect Forum specialized meeting at the Iran House of Innovation and Technology (iHiT) in Tehran on Wednesday.

The meeting will be held concurrently with the first international artificial intelligence (AI) exhibition, known as AIX Expo.

Connect Forum includes two main parts: lectures and specialized panels. The event serves as a great platform for exchanging expertise and knowledge, sharing challenges and the strategies to address them, as well as networking and promoting collaborative efforts among industry owners, researchers, and experts in technology and AI. Showcasing the latest technological achievements of Iranian experts in iHiT, and AIX Expo are among other parts of the specialized meeting.

Over 50 top knowledge-based companies operating in the AI and technology sectors will participate in the AI exhibition, with the support of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), IRNA reported.

According to the Vice Presidency for Science, Technology, and Knowledge-Based Economy, the exhibition aims to boost interactions among innovation ecosystems, knowledge-based firms, the financial industry, and leading industries in AI.

The event will showcase the latest innovations and achievements in AI at national and global levels.

The exhibition will organize specialized panels on AI applications in various industries, such as healthcare, energy, urban development, finance, and manufacturing.

Conducting hands-on educational workshops, the exhibition will serve as a great opportunity to share expertise, promote business cooperation, and hold B2B and B2G networking in different sectors

With the rapid growth in AI startups and tech-enabled industries in the country, AIX Expo 2026 is expected to stimulate large-scale investment and lay the ground for the export of indigenous AI technologies.

Iran ranks 72 in technology and innovation

According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Technology and Innovation Report 2025, Iran is ranked among upper middle-income countries, ranking 72nd among 166 countries.

The country’s ranking has improved by one position compared to 2022.

UNCTAD has categorized 17 types of technologies as frontier technologies, including artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, big data, 5G, 3D printing, robotics, drone technology, solar photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, biofuels, biogas and biomass, wind energy, green hydrogen, electric vehicles, nanotechnology, and gene editing.

The Technology and Innovation Report 2025: Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development surveys the complex artificial intelligence landscape, aiming to help decision-makers design science, technology, and innovation policies that foster inclusive technological progress.

The Report 2025 calls for AI that puts people first and is shaped through global cooperation in which all countries have a say. The Report identifies three key leverage points – infrastructure, data, and skills – offering a broad socioeconomic perspective on AI while analyzing requirements and policies to promote sustainable industrialization and innovation.

The sub-indices of readiness for frontier technologies in 2025 show that Iran’s best ranking is in the research and development sub-index (35th in the world).

In the finance sub-index, the country’s ranking has improved from 62 in 2022 to 56 in 2025. In other sub-indexes like skills and the establishment of information and communication technology, its ranking has lowered from 74 and 78 in 2022 to 82 and 94 in 2025, respectively.

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