By Hakimeh Saghaye-Biria
University of Tehran
Perhaps some of the lesser-known
dimensions of American human rights violations have been carried out against
the most vulnerable among the American people. The United States has committed
the most heinous crimes against humanity through the use of torture. According
to available evidence, since the 1950s, the United States has conducted
extensive experiments to obtain effective methods of mental and physical
torture to break the resistance of suspects and to control the minds of those
concerned.
Among these is the CIA's MKULTRA
project conducted from 1953 to 1973.
MKULTRA represents an extensive body of research projects on how to
control the minds and behaviors of interrogated suspects through torture. Using
seemingly independent formal organizations, the CIA involved 80 research
institutes, including 44 universities, as well as several hospitals, prisons,
and pharmaceutical companies, in which psychiatrists used torture and drugs.
Hallucinogens, including LSDs and other chemicals, hypnosis, sensory
deprivation, isolation, and verbal and sexual assault, were among the methods
used to find effective means of mind control. One of the goals of this project
was to create personality disorders in the subjects. The experiments were
performed on uninformed American and Canadian citizens, including thousands of
prisoners and the mentally ill. [3] It is interesting to note that SAVAK was
founded in 1957, at the height of the CIA's inhumane program, with the help of
the CIA and Mossad, and until 1965 its training was conducted under American
supervision. [4]
The American Atomic Energy
Organization has also conducted extensive experiments on the effects of
radioactive radiation on humans since the 1940s. These experiments were
performed without the knowledge and consent of the individuals. Examples
included injecting plutonium into clients in some US hospitals without the
victims' knowledge, and injecting radioactive material into prisoners in
Washington and Oregon. It was not until 1993 that the documents of these human
rights crimes were revealed. [5]
The United
States ratified the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide in 1986, almost 40 years after its adoption in 1948 by the
United Nations. The United States signed
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination in 1966 but withheld its ratification until 1994 (29 years after
its adoption by UN). Similarly, the
United States ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
in 1992, 26 years after its adoption by UN and 15 years after becoming a
signatory to the covenant [6].
What kept the
United States from ratifying human rights international legal codes was
American elites’ fear of internationalizing U.S. domestic crises such as the
civil rights/anti-racism movement as a human rights issue. As an example, in their analysis of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination in the 1960s, U.S. senators were concerned that the ratification
of the covenant would nullify thousands of discriminatory laws in the United States
[7].
Eventually, it
took the hard fought battle of a few opposing senators to achieve the however
late ratification of several human rights legal codes. Senator William Proxmire (November 11, 1915 –
December 15, 2005), a Democrat from Wisconsin, for example, saw United States’
refusal to ratify the UN anti-genocide convention a “national shame” and made
it a priority of his time in the Senate to fight for the ratification of the
treaty. From 1967, he vowed to deliver a
speech every day on the Senate floor in this regard and made 3211 speeches in
the next 19 years to come. Proxmire’s
opponents were alarmed that U.S. ratification of the treaty would complicate
the Vietnam War and control over the Civil Rights movement [8].
Refusing to make itself accountable in terms of international human rights law, the United States often uses human rights as the means to pressure adversaries. The question remains how can one expect the US government to care about the human rights of other nations, while exempting itself from protecting the human rights of its citizens under international instruments and laws.
Citations
[1] My Lai Massacre.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Lai_Massacre
[2] Sexual Assault and Sexual
Harassment in the U.S. Military. 2014. RAND Corporation.
http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR870z2-1.html
[3] Ross, Collin A. (2005). The
CIA Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists
[4] N. R. Keddie and M. J.
Gasiorowski, eds., Neither East Nor West: Iran, the United States, and the
Soviet Union (New Haven, 1990), pp. 154-55.
[5] Moss, William; Eckhardt,
Roger (1995). "The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments". Los
Alamos Science. (23): 177–223.
https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326640.pdf
Markowitz, Gerald E. (2000). “‘A
Little of the Buchenwald Touch’: America’s secret radiation experiments.”
Review in American History 28(4): 601-606
U.S. House of Representatives,
Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and
Power. American Nuclear Guinea Pigs: Three Decades of Radiation Experiments on
US. Citizens. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
[6] Ignatieff, Michael. (2005). Introduction
to American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. American Exceptionalism and Human
Rights, 3-8.
[7] Moravcsik, A. (2005). “The
paradox of US human rights policy.” American Exceptionalism and Human
Rights, 149-50.
[8] Backes, Emily. (2010,
November 4). “On this day: U.S. fully adopts genocide convention.” enough: The
project to end genocide and crimes against humanity.
http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/day-us-ratifies-genocide-convention
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